Jing Zhi Wong - Middle Rocks; South Ledge; Maritime Boundary Delimitation; Islands-Rocks; A

Wong on Pedra Branca/Batu Puteh

Work in progress, 3 September 2024

[C] Middle Rocks; South Ledge; Maritime Boundary Delimitation; Islands-Rocks; Art 121 UNCLOS - academic treatment and scholarship on maritime boundary delimitation

Su Wai Mon, 'The Practical Implications of Unresolved Maritime Boundaries' (2022) 9(1) Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies 74.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, 'Media Report Regarding South Ledge' (Press Release, 20 January 2022) <https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/media-report-regarding-south-ledge>.

Ian Storey, 'Malaysia and the South China Sea Dispute: Policy Continuity amid Domestic Political Change' (2020) 18 Iseas Perspective (20 March 2020) <https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/ISEAS_Perspective_2020_18.pdf>.

Arron N. Honniball, 'Singapore: Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh – Land Reclamation at Maritime Features Pending Maritime Delimitation' (2021) 6 Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 276.

Robert Beckman and Clive Schofield, 'Moving beyond disputes over island sovereignty: ICJ decision sets stage for maritime boundary delimitation in the Singapore Strait' (2009) 40(1) Ocean Development and International Law 1.

I Made Andi Arsana, 'Mending the imaginary wall between Indonesia and Malaysia; The case of maritime delimitation in the waters off Tanjung Berakit' (2011) 13(1) Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia 1. <https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1364&context=wacana>. - discusses Indonesia territorial claim and suggested maritime boundary delimitation. (Tanjung Berakit - Singapore Straits).

I Made Andi Arsana, Farid Yuniar and Sumaryo, 'Geospatial Aspects of Maritime Boundary Delimitation in the Singapore Strait involving Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore' (Paper, FIG Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity, Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010) <https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2010/papers/ts01i/ts01i_arsana_yuniar_3939.pdf>. - various models of delimitation of PBP, MR and SL discussed (incl. Beckman and Schofield). Slides: <https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2010/ppt/ts01i/ts01i_arsana_yuniar_ppt_3939.pdf>.

Clive Schofield, 'Options for Overcoming Overlapping Maritime Claims' (2021) 8(2) Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies 21.

Wan Sharina Ramlah Wan A.A. Jaffri, 'Malaysia-Singapore Maritime Boundary Dispute' (2018) 6 Malaysian Journal of International Relations 91 <https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/mjir/article/view/16654/9871>.

Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli and Lowell B. Bautista, 'Drawing Malaysia's Line over the Straits' (Paper, 2014) <https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2487&context=lhapapers&unstamped=1>.

Brenda Man Qing Ong and Francesco Perono Cacciafoco, 'Pedra Branca off Singapore: A Historical Cartographic Analysis of a Post-Colonial Territorially Disputed Island' (2022) 2(1) Histories 47.

I Made Andi Arsana, 'Good Fences make Good Neighbours: Challenges and Opportunities in Finalising Maritime Boundary Delimitation in the Malacca Strait between Indonesia and Malaysia' (2014) 12(1) Indonesian Journal of International Law 21 <https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1134&context=ijil>.

Alberto Alvarez-Jimenez, 'Boundary Agreements in the International Court of Justice’s Case Law, 2000–2010' (2012) 23(2) European Journal of International Law 495.

Andromeda Windra Ciptadi, Sailing the Calm and Rough Seas: The Influence of Wealth and Sovereignty in Southeast Asian Maritime Disputes (MA Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2006) <https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD1027190.pdf>.

Mohd Hazmi Bin Mohd Rusli et al, 'Erecting Malaysia's maritime fence over the Straits of Malacca and Singapore' (2014) 3(1) AALCO Journal of International Law 111 <https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/37022201.pdf>.

Benardo Sepulveda Amor, 'The International Court of Justice and the Law of the Sea' (Paper) <https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r29686.pdf>.

Emirza Adi Syailendra, 'The Sense and Sensibility of Malaysia's Approach to its Maritime Boundary Disputes' (Webpage, Asia Maritime Transparency Institute, 21 November 2022) <https://amti.csis.org/the-sense-and-sensibility-of-malaysias-approach-to-its-maritime-boundary-disputes/>.

J Ashley Roach, 'International Legal Rules for deciding Sovereignty Disputes' (Working Paper, NUS CIL, 2011) <https://cil.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Working-Paper-by-J-Ashley-Roach.pdf>.

Jon M. Van Dyke, 'The Romania v. Ukraine Decision And Its Effect On East Asian Maritime Delimitations' (2010) 15(2) Ocean & Coastal Law Journal 261 <https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1123&context=oclj>.

Mara Tignino and Marcelo Kohen, 'Do people have rights in boundaries' delimitations?' in, International law and freshwater : the multiple challenges (Edward Elgar, 2013) 95–122 <https://access.archive-ouverte.unige.ch/access/metadata/eb9b1484-64f1-4a7e-84bb-3bfea535deac/download>.

María Catalina García and Joyeeta Gupta, 'Environmental and sociocultural claims within maritime boundary disputes' (2022) 139 Marine Policy 105043.

Rafi Mikram Sani and I Made Andi Arsana, 'Kajian Aspek Geospatial dan Legal Terhadap Peran Pulau Kechil, Karang dan Low Tide Elevation dalam Delimitasi Batas Maritim Internasional: Studi Kasus Pedra Branca, Middle Rocks dan South Ledge' (Paper) <https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/160307>.

Eddy Pratomo, 'Indonesia-Malaysia Maritime Boundaries Delimitation: A Retrospective' (2019) 3(1) Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 18 <https://jurnal.fh.unpad.ac.id/index.php/pjil/article/download/312/222/>.

ANCORS, University of Wollongong, Australia.

Wahab Jumrah, 'Singapore’s Land Reclamation on Pedra Branca: Implications for Malaysia' (Webpage, The Diplomat, 15 July 2021) <https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/singapores-land-reclamation-on-pedra-branca-implications-for-malaysia/>, archived at <https://archive.is/DLAa6>.

'THE NEXT STEP FOR INDONESIA, MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE: Maritime Delimitation in the Singapore Strait' (Paper, Hydro International, 2020) <https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/maritime-delimitation-in-the-singapore-strait?output=pdf>; <https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/THE-NEXT-STEP-FOR-INDONESIA-%2C-MALAYSIA-AND-Maritime/28154e67b731e498181d5c3bf9fb1902cdd26db8>.

Yann-Huei Song, 'Maritime Dispute Resolution Project: Sovereignty Over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia v. Singapore)' (Paper, 2018) <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55d21ffee4b0d22e803fdca1/t/5f4d061f184e171b100b76e1/1598883367862/MalaysiavSingapore.SongYH.pdf>.

Auzan Syaidi Bin Abdul Lateh et al, A Study on Maritime Jurisdiction Between Malaysia and Singapore (BLS(Hons) Thesis, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 2011) <https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/32104/1/32104.PDF>; <http://malrep.uum.edu.my/rep/Record/my.uitm.ir.32104>.

'The Mechanism of ICJ Decision in Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh Dispute' (Part of Thesis) <http://repository.umy.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/9050/bab%20iv.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y>.

Sophia Kopela, 'Current legal developments: International Court of Justice: Case concerning sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia v Singapore) ICJ Judgment of 23 May 2008' (2010) 25(1) International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 93-113.

Abdul Ghafur Hamid@Khin Maung Sein, 'Case concerning sovereignty over Pulau Batu Puteh: a critical analysis of its legal implications' [2011] 3 Malayan Law Journal 30-61 <http://irep.iium.edu.my/1752/>.

Wan Siti Adibah Wan Dahalan, Adina Kamarudin and Mahmud Zuhdi Mohd Nor, 'Article 121 of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and the Maritime Delimitation in the Straits of Singapore' (2009) 13 Jurnal Undang-undang dan Masyarakat 227.

**Jalila Abdul Jalil, 'Indonesia's Maritime Boundaries with Singapore and the Philippines: Issues for Consideration by Malaysia' (2014) 3 Diplomatic Voice: IDFR Malaysia 8-9 <http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/flip-book/2014/DiplomaticVoice20143/files/basic-html/page8.html>.

** B A Hamzah, V L Forbes, Jalila A Jalil and M N Basiron, 'The maritime boundaries of Malaysia and Indonesia in the Malacca strait: An appraisal' (2014) 6(4) Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs 207.

**Jalila Abdul Jalil, 'Significance of UNCLOS: Malaysia’s Maritime Zones, Contemporary Legislations and Cases on Dispute Settlement' (2014) 14(1) The Journal of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations 69 <https://www.idfr.gov.my/images/JDFR/Vol.14_No.1-Aug.2014.pdf#page=69>.

Jalila Abdul Jalil, 'Malaysia’s Claims and Positions over Maritime Features In the South China Sea' (Presentation, 10th South China Sea Conference Cooperation for Regional Security and Development, Da Nang City, Viet Nam, 8 November 2018) <http://www.maritimeissues.com/uploaded/SCSC10/3_3_%20Jalila%20Abdul%20Jalil_8_11.pdf>.

IMO, LIST OF HYDROGRAPHERS - EXPERTS IN MARITIME BOUNDARY DELIMITATION, 2019 <https://legacy.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/ABLOS/ABLOS_Misc/ABLOS_expertslist.pdf>.

Jalila Abdul Jalil, 'The Significance of A Single Maritime Boundary In Relation To Maritime Boundary Delimitation: Malaysia’s Perspectives' (Presentation, Dili International Conference: Maritime Boundaries and The Law of the Sea, 19 May 2016) <https://www.laohamutuk.org/Oil/Boundary/2016/Jalil19May2016.pdf>.

Centre for Ocean Governance (COG), Institute of Oceanography & Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terenganu <https://inos.umt.edu.my/centre-for-ocean-governance-cog/>.

Bec Strating and Troy Lee-Brown, 'Lessons from successful maritime dispute resolutions in the Indo-Pacific' (Webpage, Melbourne Asia Review, 3 April 2023) <https://doi.org/10.37839/MAR2652-550X14.3>; <https://melbourneasiareview.edu.au/lessons-from-successful-maritime-dispute-resolutions-in-the-indo-pacific/>.

Bec Strating and Ali Moore, 'All at sea: Contending with maritime disputes in the South China Sea and beyond' (University of Melbourne, Ear to Asia Podcast, Record of Podcast, 9 May 2023) <https://arts.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/4629845/ETA-Episode-128-Transcript.pdf>; <https://rss.com/podcasts/ear-to-asia/942126/>.

'The Evolution of Asia's Contested Waters' (Webpage, Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, 23 October 2015) <https://amti.csis.org/maritime-disputes/>.

Loretta Malintoppi, 'Trends and Perspectives of Settlement of Law of the Sea Disputes in Southeast Asia' (2013) 107 Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law) 56.

Robert Beckman and Tara Davenport (eds). 'Singapore' in Encyclopedia of Ocean Law and Policy in Asia-Pacific (Brill, 2022) <https://brill.com/edcollchap/book/9789004532090/BP000017.xml?language=en>. See particular section on 'Interests in Law of the Sea'.

Sondra Faccio, '“Human Habitation or Economic Life of their Own”: The Definition of Features Between History, Technology and the Law' (2021) 42 Liverpool Law Review 15 <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10991-020-09260-1>.

Xuechan Ma, 'International Jurisprudence Concerning the Group or Unity Principle in Territorial Allocation' (2019) 18 Chinese Journal of International Law 165.

Kamarulzaman Askandar and Carlervin Sukim, 'Making Peace over a Disputed Territory in Southeast Asia: Lessons from the Batu Puteh / Pedra Branca Case' (2015) 3(1) Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies 65 <https://ad95cd53-bcd2-46a5-81b9-ca14ae1064a5.filesusr.com/ugd/36708f_38e3dc625a91434984935af695f2de3b.pdf>.

Vanshaj Ravi Jain, Boundaries Adrift: Entitlements and Delimitation in Shifting Seas (DPhil Thesis, University of Oxford, 2021-22) <https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c6c713db-b069-4e64-8f3d-a6ca1c3eb4a6/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=Jain_2022_Boundaries_Adrift.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis>.

Xavier Rebelo, Islands and Rocks: Moving Towards on the Interpretation of Article 121 of the Law of the Sea Convention? (LLM Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017) <https://open.uct.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/4b9cb71f-7e76-4c09-83b2-84038c0c6d7f/content>.

Qi Xu, Legal Dilemmas and Regime-Building in the East Asia Maritime Conflicts: From the Third State Perspective. (Thesis fully internal (DIV), University of Groningen, 2019) <https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/85053629/Chapter_1.pdf>.

Keyuan Zou and Qiang Ye, 'Interpretation and Application of Article 298 of the Law of the Sea Convention in Recent Annex VII Arbitrations: An Appraisal' (2017) 48 Ocean Development & International Law 331.

Clive Howard Schofield, The Trouble with Islands (LLM Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009) <https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/24/1.0070840/1>.

Imogen Saunders, 'Artificial Islands and Territory in International Law' (2021) 52 Vanderbilt Journal of International Law 643.

'REGIONAL ROUNDTABLE CONCLUDED WITH THE KUALA LUMPUR DECLARATION ON APPORTIONMENT AND BOUNDARY DELIMITATION' (ANFREL, 3 November 2023) <https://anfrel.org/regional-roundtable-concluded-with-the-kuala-lumpur-declaration-on-apportionment-and-boundary-delimitation/>.

'Press Release: Regional Roundtable Concluded with the Kuala Lumpur Declaration on Apportionment and Boundary Delimitation' (Bersih, 1 November 2023) <https://bersih.org/2023/11/01/regional-roundtable-concluded-with-the-kuala-lumpur-declaration-on-apportionment-and-boundary-delimitation/>.

BA Hamzah, Adam Leong and Vivian Louis Forbes, Malaysia and South China Sea: Policy, Strategy and Risks (UPNM, 2020) <https://www.upnm.edu.my/images/CDiSS/MALAYSIA_AND_SOUTH_CHINA_SEA_POLICY_STRATEGY_AND_RISKS.pdf>.

Barbara Kwiatkowska and Alfred H.A. Soons, 'Entitlement to Maritime Areas of Rocks Which Cannot Sustain Human Habitation or Economic Life of Their Own' (1990) 21 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 139.

Jonathan I Charney, 'Rocks That Cannot Sustain Human Habitation' (1999) 93(4) American Journal of International Law 863.

Malcolm D. Evans and Reece Lewis, Islands, Law and Context: The Treatment of Islands in International Law (Edward Elgar, 2023).

Malcolm D. Evans and Reece Lewis, 'Chapter 2: The regime of islands' in Oystein Jensen (ed), The Development of the Law of the Sea Convention (Edward Elgar, 2020) 14-47.

Reece Lewis, 'The Artificial Construction and Modification of Maritime Features: Piling Pelion on Ossa' (2021) 52 Ocean Development & International Law 239.

David Proaño Alcívar, 'States in Danger of Extinction: The Case of the Republic of Kiribati' (2022) 40 Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs 10 <https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004687639_003>.

Christine Pichel, 'The Interpretation of Article 121(3) of UNCLOS in the 2016 South China Sea Arbitration Award' in Jorge E. Viñuales, Andrew Clapham, Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, and Mamadou Hébié (eds), The International Legal Order in the XXIst Century / L’ordre juridique international au XXIeme siècle / El órden jurídico internacional en el siglo XXI: Essays in Honour of Professor Marcelo Gustavo Kohen / Ecrits en l’honneur du Professeur Marcelo Gustavo Kohen / Estudios en honor del Profesor Marcelo Gustavo Kohen (Brill, 2023) 877.

Stefan Talmon, 'Chapter 5 Beyond the South China Sea Arbitration' in The South China Sea Arbitration: Jurisdiction, Admissibility, Procedure (Brill, 2022).

Donald R Rothwell, Islands and International Law (Bloomsbury, 2022). - discusses maritime entitlements (historically and present), boundaries and regime. **

Carolin König, Small Island States & International Law: The Challenge of Rising Seas (Routledge, 2023).

Nicole Jenne, 'INTRODUCTION: Maritime Boundary Disputes in Southeast Asia' (Melbourne Asia Review, 27 April 2023) <https://melbourneasiareview.edu.au/introduction-maritime-boundary-disputes-in-southeast-asia/>, archived at <https://archive.is/UX96s>.

Hong Thao Nguyen, 'Vietnam’s Position on the Sovereignty over the Paracels and the Spratlys: Its Maritime Claims' in Eric Yong Joong Lee (ed), ASEAN International Law (Springer, 2022) 229.

Douglas M Johnston and Mark J. Valencia, Pacific Ocean Boundary Problems: Status and Solutions (Martinus Nijhoff, 1991).

Mecnun Özlem, Adalar ve Kayalıklar Rejimi ve Deniz Alanları Sınırlandırılmasına Etkileri [The Regime of Islands and Rocks and their Effects on Maritime Boundary Delimitation] (PhD Thesis, Marmara Universitesi (Turkey) , 2023) <https://www.proquest.com/openview/02359ee7988a62a6e1c84962d06b7381/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y>.

Eric Franckx, 'The Enigma of Article 121, Paragraph 3: The Way Forward?' <http://www.maritimeissues.com/uploaded/EU/1_Erik%20Franckx_Article%20121_maritimeissues_com.pdf>.

Yann-Huei Song, 'The Application of Article 121 of the Law of the Sea Convention to the Disputed Offshore Islands in East Asia' <https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/Song_Disputed_Offshore_Islands_in_E_Asia.pdf>.

Yann-Huei Song, 'Taiping Island: An Island or a Rock?' (Webpage, Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, 7 May 2015) <https://amti.csis.org/taiping-island-an-island-or-a-rock-under-unclos/>, archived at <https://archive.is/et0fh>.

"Qatar-Bahrain Decision of March 13, 2001, supra note 199, paras. 219 citing the North Sea Continental Shelf cases, supra note 227, at para. 57, and Libya-Malta Continental Shelf case, supra note 227, at 48, para. 64, for the proposition that “the Court has sometimes been led to eliminate the disproportionate effect of small islands.” The Court reached this conclusion even though it asserted, in paragraph 185, that Article 121(2) of the Law of the Sea Convention “reflects customary international law” and that “islands, regardless of their size, in this respect enjoy the same status, and therefore generate the same maritime rights, as other land territory.”: Jon M Van Dyke, 'An Analysis of the Aegean Disputes under International Law' (2005) 36(1) Ocean Development and International Law 63 <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00908320590909088>.

Islam Attia, 'Revisiting Jurisdiction of UNCLOS Courts and Tribunals over Ancillary Sovereignty Disputes' (2023) 10(2) Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies 5.

Helene Ruiz Fabri, 'La Justice Procedurale en Droit International' (2023) 432 Recueil des cours / Collected Courses [i].

Ceciel Nieuwenhout and Liv Malin Andreasson, 'The Legal Framework for Artificial Energy Islands in the Northern Seas' (2024) 39 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 39-72.

Irini Papanicolopulu, 'The Law of the Sea in Past Scholarship' (2024) 39 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 157-178.

Mehran Idris Khan, 'Nele Matz-Lück, Øystein Jensen and Elise Johansen (eds), Law of the Sea: Normative Context and Interactions with Other Legal Regimes (New York, Routledge) 2023, ISBN: 9780367549145, hardbound, GBP 130, 298 pp' (2024) 39 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 199.

Matthew Cleary et al, 'Grotian Moments and Appeals to Authority in Law and History' (2023) 44 Grotiana 65.

J Eduardo Malaya, 'Maritime Dispute Settlement in Southeast Asia: Bargaining under the Shadow of the LOSC' (2023) 38 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 350-362.

Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli et al, 'Mengawal kawasan perairan dan wilayah perbatasan negara daripada pencerobohan pendatang asing tanpa izin: COVID-19: Safeguarding Malaysian waters and its Frontiers from Encroachments of Illegal Migrants' (2023) 11(1) Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law 49 <https://mjsl.usim.edu.my/index.php/jurnalmjsl/article/view/275/257>.